Chapter 14: More Pronominal Prefixes: The K-Group

So far, we have learned about 10 different Pronominal Prefixes: the 5
singular Agent Prefixes, and the 5 singular Patient prefixes.  We have
seen how they change form depending on the Stem Class of the Verb Base
they are attaching to, and how they combine with the Factual, Future and
Optative Modal Prefixes.  In the following chapters, we will learn about
the rest of the Pronominal Prefixes.

Along with Agent Prefixes and Patient Prefixes, there is a third set of
Pronominal Prefixes, called the Interactive Prefixes.  The Interactive
Prefixes are used with verbs that describe an action that someone does
to someone else.  These Verbs are usually referred to as "Transitive Verbs".

Take for example the Transitive Verb "see". In order to say "I saw you"
in Mingo, we would need an Interactive Pronominal Prefix which tells us
that I was the Agent (the one doing the seeing) and that you were the
Patient (the one being seen).  As we'll see later on, that Prefix is kö-
.  We would need a different Interactive Prefix, however, to say "You
saw me."  In this case, we would need the Interactive Prefix which means
you are the Agent and I am the Patient. That prefix is sk-.

Agent and Patient Prefixes can also be used with Transitive Verbs.  With
these Verbs, Agent Prefixes carry the meaning of someone doing something
to someone.  For instance, to say "I saw it", we would use the 'I' Agent
Prefix that we learned in earlier Chapters. Patient Prefixes, on the
other hand, refer to something doing something to someone.  So, if we
wanted to say "It saw me", then we would use the 'I' Patient Prefix.

In total, combining all the Agent, Patient and Interactive Prefixes,
there are about 60 different Pronominal Prefixes in Mingo. Fortunately,
they fall into a number of groups, so it's not necessary to learn all of
the prefixes one-by-one.  The first such group is the K-Group.  There
are six prefixes in the K-Group, two of which we have already seen:

   k-    ::  I do something to it
   sk-   ::  you do something to me
   ak-   ::  it does something to me
   hak-  ::  he does something to me
   ök-   ::  she does something to me
   hök-  ::  they do something to me

The forms that these prefixes take with the five Stem Classes we have
seen is shown in the table below.

          C       X       L      LX      A
   -------------------------------------------
   k-   | k-     ke-     ké-     ké-     k-
   sk-  | sk-    ske-    ské-    ské-    sk-
   ak-  | ak-    ake-    aké-    aké-    ak-
   hak- | hak-   hake-   haké-   haké-   hak-
   ök-  | ök-    öke-    öké-    öké-    ök-
   hök- | hök-   höke-   höké-   höké-   hök-

We can note the following patterns:

   * All the prefixes end in -k- in the C-Stem and A-Stem forms.

   * All the prefixes end in -ke- in the X-Stem forms.

   * All the prefixes end in -ké- in the L-Stem and LX-Stem forms.

As we go through the next few chapters, we will use the A-Stem Interactive
Verb Base -atënö'ö- "watch over something/someone" in the Habitual
Aspect to give examples of the prefixes in action.  Below are examples
of this verb with the K-Group of prefixes.

   katënö'ös    ::  I'm watching over it
   skatënö'ös   ::  you're watching over me
   akatënö'ös   ::  it's watching over me
   hakatënö'ös  ::  he's watching over me
   ökatënö'ös   ::  she's watching over me
   hökatënö'ös  ::  they're watching over me



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