Another large group of Pronominal Prefixes, with 10 members, is the
Wa-
Group.
twa- :: we all (incl
pl) do something to it
shetwa- :: we all (incl pl) do something
to him
akwa- :: we all (excl pl)
do something to it
shakwa- :: we all (excl pl) do something
to him
ökwa- :: it does something
to us all
shökwa- :: he does something to us
all
swa- :: y'all do something
to it
it does something to y'all
sheswa- :: y'all do something to him
he does something to y'all
kwa- :: I do something
to y'all
we two do something to y'all
we all do something to y'all
we all do something to you
we all do something to you two
skwa- :: you do something
to us all
you two do something to us all
y'all do something to us all
y'all do something to me
y'all do something to us both
The forms that these prefixes take with the five Stem Classes we have
seen is shown in the table below.
C X
L LX
A
---------------------------------------------------------
twa- | twa-
twa- twá-
twá- twa-
shetwa- | shetwa- shetwa-
shetwá- shetwá- shetwa-
akwa- | akwa-
akwa- akwá- akwá-
akwa-
shakwa- | shakwa- shakwa-
shakwá- shakwá- shakwa-
ökwa- | ökwa-
ökwa- ökwá-
ökwá- ökwa-
shökwa- | shökwa- shökwa-
shökwá- shökwá- shökwa-
swa- | swa-
swa- swá-
swá- swa-
sheswa- | sheswa- sheswa-
sheswá- sheswá- sheswa-
kwa- | kwa-
kwa- kwá-
kwá- kwa-
skwa- | skwa-
skwa- skwá- skwá-
skwa-
We can note the following patterns:
* All the prefixes end in -wa- in the C-Stem, X-Stem
and A-Stem
forms.
* All the prefixes end in -wá- in the L-Stem and LX-Stem forms.
In Chapter 16 we learned how there are various ways to say "we" in
Mingo, depending on whether you intend to include or exclude the hearer.
In this Chapter we learn the prefixes twa- and shetwa- which are used
to
include two or more hearers.
twatënö'ös ::
we all (incl) are watching over it
shetwatënö'ös :: we all
(incl) are watching over him
To exclude the hearer(s), but include two or more other people with
you,
the prefixes akwa- and shakwa- can be used.
akwatënö'ös ::
we all (excl) are watching over it
shakwatënö'ös :: we all
(excl) are watching over him
Just like with the prefixes in Chapter 16, the inclusive versus
exclusive distinction is lost when referring to the patient of an
action.
ökwatënö'ös ::
it's watching over us all (incl/excl)
shökwatënö'ös :: he's
watching over us all (incl/excl)
Also like in Chapter 16, there's a pair of vice-versa prefixes in the
Wa-Group.
swatënö'ös :: y'all are
watching over it
it's watching over y'all
sheswatënö'ös :: y'all are
watching over him
he's watching over y'all
There is also a pair of prefixes with five different meanings each.
kwatënö'ös :: I'm watching
over y'all
we two are watching over y'all
we all are watching over y'all
we all are watching over you
we all are watching over you two
skwatënö'ös :: you're watching
over us all
we two are watching over y'all
we all are watching over y'all
we all are watching over you
we all are watching over you two