By now, we have learned all of the Pronominal Prefixes and all of the
forms they take when they attach to different Stem Classes. Our
next
task is to return to the Modal Prefixes. In earlier Chapters
we learned
that there are three Modal Prefixes in Mingo: the Factual, the Future
and the Optative. We even learned the forms that these prefixes
take
when they attach to some of the singular prefixes. In the following
Chapters, we will learn how the Modal Prefixes combine with all of
the
Pronominal Prefixes.
We will begin with the Factual. The Factual prefix occurs in seven
different forms: wa'-, wa-, wá-, u'-, e-, wa'a- and ö-.
The examples in
this Chapter are based on the following C-Stem Verb Stems.
Interactive: -íwihsas "promise someone something"
Agent: -íwis'á' "promise to do something"
Patient: -íwihsa'ôôk "have kept
promising to do something"
32.1. The Factual Form wa'-
The wa'- form of the Factual prefix occurs before:
(1) All vowel-initial pronominal prefixes except ak-
"it does
something to me";
(2) The prefix ye- "she does something to it".
Note that when wa'- combines with ye-, the /y/ of the pronominal prefix
drops out.
akhi- wa'akhi-
wa'akhiiwihsas we two (excl) promised her
akni- wa'akni-
wa'akniiwis'á' we two (excl) promised
akwa- wa'akwa-
wa'akwaiwis'á' we all (excl) promised
esa- wa'esa-
wa'esaiwihsas she promised you
ethi- wa'ethi-
wa'ethiiwihsas we two (incl) promised her
ethsi- wa'ethsi-
wa'ethsiiwihsas she promised you two
ök-
wa'ök- wa'ökíwihsas
she promised me
ökhi- wa'ökhi-
wa'ökhiiwihsas she promised us two
ökni- wa'ökni-
wa'ökniiwihsa'ôôk we two have kept promising
ökwa- wa'ökwa-
wa'ökwaiwihsa'ôôk we all have kept promising
u-
wa'u- wa'uiwihsa'ôôk
it has kept promising
uti- wa'uti-
wa'utiiwihsa'ôôk they (dpfn) have kept promising
ye- wa'e-
wa'eiwis'á' she promised
32.2. The Factual Form wa-
The wa- form of the Factual prefix occurs before Pronominal Prefixes
which start with an -h- followed by a vowel. Note that when wa-
combines with these prefixes, the -h- of the Pronominal Prefix drops
out.
ha-
waa- waaiwis'á'
he promised
hak- waak-
waakíwihsas he promised me
hakö- waakö-
waaköiwihsas he promised them (dpm)
hati- waati-
waatiiwis'á' they all (m) promised
he-
wae- waeiwihsas
I promised him
hehs- waehs-
waehsíwihsas you promised him
hök-
waök- waökíwihsas
they two (m) promised me
hösa- waösa-
waösaiwihsas they two (m) promised you
höwö-
waöwö- waöwöiwihsas
he promised him
höwöti- waöwöti-
waöwötiiwihsas she promised them (dpm)
hu-
wau- wauiwihsa'ôôk
he has kept promising
huti- wauti-
wautiiwihsa'ôôk they (dpm) have kept promising
32.3. The Factual Form wá-
The wá- form of the Factual prefix occurs before:
(1) the prefix hni- (2) "they two (m) do something
to it";
(2) and the prefix ya- "he does something to you".
Note that when wá- combines with hni- (2), the initial /h/ of
the
pronominal prefix drops out.
hni- (2) wáni-
wániiwis'á' they two (m) promised
ya-
wáya- wáyaiwihsas he promised you
32.4. The Factual Form u'-
The u'- form of the Factual prefix occurs before:
(1) all k-initial prefixes except ku- "it does something
to her";
(2) the prefix s- "you do something to it";
(3) all sh-initial and sk-initial prefixes;
(4) and the prefix wati- "they all (fn) do something
to it".
k-
u'k- u'kíwis'á'
I promised
ka-
u'ka- u'kaiwis'á'
it promised
khe-
u'khe- u'kheiwihsas
I promised her
kni- (1) u'kni-
u'kniiwis'á' they two (fn) promised
kni- (2) u'kni-
u'kniiwihsas I promised you two
kö-
u'kö- u'köiwihsas
you promised me
köwö-
u'köwö- u'köwöiwihsas
it promised it
köwöti-
u'köwöti- u'köwötiiwihsas
she promised them (dpfn)
kwa-
u'kwa- u'kwaiwihsas
I promised you all
s-
u's- u'síwis'á'
you promised
shakni- u'shakni-
u'shakniiwihsas we two (excl) promised him
shaku- u'shaku-
u'shakuiwihsas he promised her
shakuti- u'shakuti-
u'shakutiiwihsas they two (m) promised her
shakwa- u'shakwa-
u'shakwaiwihsas we all (excl) promised him
she-
u'she- u'sheiwihsas
you promised her
shehni- u'shehni-
u'shehniiwihsas we two (incl) promised him
shesni- u'shesni-
u'shesniiwihsas he promised you two
sheswa- u'sheswa-
u'sheswaiwihsas he promised you all
shetwa- u'shetwa-
u'shetwaiwihsas we two (incl) promised him
shökni- u'shökni-
u'shökniiwihsas he promised us two
shökwa- u'shökwa-
u'shökwaiwihsas he promised us all
sk-
u'sk- u'skíwihsas
you promised me
skni-
u'skni- u'skniiwihsas
you promised us two
skwa-
u'skwa- u'skwaiwihsas
you promised us all
wati-
u'wati- u'watiiwis'á'
they all (fn) promised
32.5. The Factual Form e-
The e- form of the Factual prefix occurs before:
(1) the prefix hni- (1) "we two (incl) do something
to it";
(2) the remaining s-initial prefixes;
(3) and the prefix twa- "we all (incl) do something
to it".
hni- (1) ehni-
ehniiwis'á' we two (incl) promised
sa-
esa- esaiwihsa'ôôk you've kept
promising
sni- (1) esni-
esniiwis'á' you two promised
sni- (2) esni-
esniiwihsa'ôôk you two have kept promising
swa- (1) eswa-
eswaiwis'á' you all promised
swa- (2) eswa-
eswaiwihsa'ôôk you all have kept promising
twa-
etwa- etwaiwis'á' we all (incl)
promised
32.6. The Factual Form wa'a-
The wa'a- form of the Factual prefix occurs before the prefix ku- "it
does something to her".
ku- wa'aku- wa'akuiwihsa'ôôk
she's kept promising
32.7. The Factual Form ö-
The ö- form of the Factual prefix occurs before the prefix ak-
"it does
something to me". Note that the -ö- of the Facual prefix
replaces the
-a- of the pronominal prefix.
ak- ök-
ökíwihsa'ôôk I've kept promising
32.8. Summary
The three tables below provide a summary of the forms of the Factual
+
Pronominal prefixes. The first table covers those prefixes for
singular
Agents.
I
you he
she it
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
reflexive u'sk-
waak- wa'ök-
ök-
| me
u'kö-
reflexive wáya-
wa'esa- esa-
| you
wae-
waehs- waöwö-
waöwö- wau-
| him
u'khe-
u'she- u'shaku- ?
wa'aku-
| her
u'k-
u's- waa-
wa'e- u'ka-/wa'u-/u'köwö-
| it
reflexive u'skni-
u'shökni- wa'ökhi- wa'ökni-
| us two
u'kni-
reflexive u'shesni- wa'ethsi- esni-
| you two
reflexive u'skwa-
u'shökwa- wa'ökhi- wa'ökwa-
| us all
u'kwa-
reflexive u'sheswa- wa'ethsi- eswa-
| you all
u'khe-
u'she- waakö-
waöwöti- wauti-
| them (m)
u'khe-
u'she- waakö-
u'köwöti- wa'uti-
| them (fn)
This second table shows the prefixes for dual Agents.
you and I s/he and I
you two they two (m) they two (fn)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
reflexive reflexive
u'skni- waök-
waök- | me
reflexive u'kni-
reflexive waösa- waösa-
| you
u'shehni- u'shakni-
u'shesni- waöwö-
waöwö- | him
wa'ethi- wa'akhi-
wa'ethsi- u'shakuti- ?
| her
ehni-
wa'akni- esni- wáni-
u'kni- | it
reflexive reflexive
u'skni- wa'ökhi- wa'ökhi-
| us two
reflexive u'kni-
reflexive wa'ethsi- wa'ethsi-
| you two
reflexive reflexive
u'skwa- wa'ökhi- wa'ökhi-
| us all
reflexive u'kwa-
reflexive wa'ethsi- wa'ethsi-
| you all
wa'ethi- wa'akhi-
wa'ethsi- waöwöti- waöwöti-
| them (m)
wa'ethi- wa'akhi-
wa'ethsi- u'köwöti- u'köwöti-
| them (fn)
Lastly, this third table shows the prefixes for plural Agents.
y'all and I they and I y'all
they all (m) they all (fn)
---------------------------------------------------------------------
reflexive reflexive
u'skwa- waök-
waök- | me
reflexive u'kwa-
reflexive waösa- waösa-
| you
u'shetwa- u'shakwa-
u'sheswa- waöwö-
waöwö- | him
wa'ethi- wa'akhi-
wa'ethsi- u'shakuti- ?
| her
etwa-
wa'akwa- eswa- waati-
u'wati- | it
reflexive reflexive
u'skwa- wa'ökhi- wa'ökhi-
| us two
reflexive u'kwa-
reflexive wa'ethsi- wa'ethsi-
| you two
reflexive reflexive
u'skwa- wa'ökhi- wa'ökhi-
| us all
reflexive u'kwa-
reflexive wa'ethsi- wa'ethsi-
| you all
wa'ethi- wa'akhi-
wa'ethsi- waöwöti- waöwöti-
| them (m)
wa'ethi- wa'akhi-
wa'ethsi- u'köwöti- u'köwöti-
| them (fn)